Durga Puja in Bengal: From Royal Patronage to Mass Festivity and Back

Durga Puja in Bengal began in the 16th century as a private affair, with zamindars and aristocratic families setting up modest shrines in their homes and private gardens. The rituals were intimate, attended only by close relatives and a small circle of devotees. In the 19th century, the rise of industrialization and a growing middle class transformed the festival into a public spectacle. Large pandals sprang up in city streets, and processions drew thousands of spectators, turning Durga Puja into a communal celebration. By the mid‑20th century, the festival had become a cultural hallmark of West Bengal, with government support and media coverage ensuring its nationwide recognition. In recent years, however, there has been a noticeable shift back towards smaller, family‑centric celebrations. Many households are opting for more modest setups, citing rising costs, environmental concerns, and a desire for a more personal connection to the rituals. This trend reflects a broader conversation about balancing tradition with modern realities, as Bengal’s Durga Puja continues to evolve.